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import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.ArrayList;
/*
* Copyright (c) 2000 David Flanagan. All rights reserved.
* This code is from the book Java Examples in a Nutshell, 2nd Edition.
* It is provided AS-IS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY either expressed or implied.
* You may study, use, and modify it for any non-commercial purpose.
* You may distribute it non-commercially as long as you retain this notice.
* For a commercial use license, or to purchase the book (recommended),
* visit http://www.davidflanagan.com/javaexamples2.
*/
/**
* This program computes and displays the factorial of a number specified on the
* command line. It handles possible user input errors with try/catch.
*/
public class FactComputer {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Try to compute a factorial.
// If something goes wrong, handle it in the catch clause below.
try {
int x = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
System.out.println(x + "! = " + Factorial4.factorial(x));
}
// The user forgot to specify an argument.
// Thrown if args[0] is undefined.
catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("You must specify an argument");
System.out.println("Usage: java FactComputer <number>");
}
// The argument is not a number. Thrown by Integer.parseInt().
catch (NumberFormatException e) {
System.out.println("The argument you specify must be an integer");
}
// The argument is < 0. Thrown by Factorial4.factorial()
catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
// Display the message sent by the factorial() method:
System.out.println("Bad argument: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}
/**
* This version of the program uses arbitrary precision integers, so it does not
* have an upper-bound on the values it can compute. It uses an ArrayList object
* to cache computed values instead of a fixed-size array. An ArrayList is like
* an array, but can grow to any size. The factorial() method is declared
* "synchronized" so that it can be safely used in multi-threaded programs. Look
* up java.math.BigInteger and java.util.ArrayList while studying this class.
* Prior to Java 1.2, use Vector instead of ArrayList
*/
class Factorial4 {
protected static ArrayList table = new ArrayList(); // create cache
static { // Initialize the first element of the cache with !0 = 1.
table.add(BigInteger.valueOf(1));
}
/** The factorial() method, using BigIntegers cached in a ArrayList */
public static synchronized BigInteger factorial(int x) {
if (x < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("x must be non-negative.");
for (int size = table.size(); size <= x; size++) {
BigInteger lastfact = (BigInteger) table.get(size - 1);
BigInteger nextfact = lastfact.multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(size));
table.add(nextfact);
}
return (BigInteger) table.get(x);
}
/**
* A simple main() method that we can use as a standalone test program for
* our factorial() method.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (int i = 0; i <= 50; i++)
System.out.println(i + "! = " + factorial(i));
}
}
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