com.mapr.hbase.support.objects.MHRegionInfo.java Source code

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/**
 * Copyright 2007 The Apache Software Foundation
 *
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package com.mapr.hbase.support.objects;

import java.io.DataInput;
import java.io.DataOutput;
import java.io.EOFException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HTableDescriptor;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.KeyValue.KVComparator;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.JenkinsHash;
import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.MD5Hash;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.VersionedWritable;
import org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableComparable;

/**
 * HRegion information.
 * Contains HRegion id, start and end keys, a reference to this
 * HRegions' table descriptor, etc.
 */
public class MHRegionInfo extends VersionedWritable implements WritableComparable<MHRegionInfo> {
    // VERSION == 0 when HRegionInfo had an HTableDescriptor inside it.
    public static final byte VERSION_PRE_092 = 0;
    public static final byte VERSION_CURRENT = 1;
    private static final Log LOG = LogFactory.getLog(MHRegionInfo.class);

    /**
     * The new format for a region name contains its encodedName at the end.
     * The encoded name also serves as the directory name for the region
     * in the filesystem.
     *
     * New region name format:
     *    &lt;tablename>,,&lt;startkey>,&lt;regionIdTimestamp>.&lt;encodedName>.
     * where,
     *    &lt;encodedName> is a hex version of the MD5 hash of
     *    &lt;tablename>,&lt;startkey>,&lt;regionIdTimestamp>
     * 
     * The old region name format:
     *    &lt;tablename>,&lt;startkey>,&lt;regionIdTimestamp>
     * For region names in the old format, the encoded name is a 32-bit
     * JenkinsHash integer value (in its decimal notation, string form). 
     *<p>
     * **NOTE**
     *
     * ROOT, the first META region, and regions created by an older
     * version of HBase (0.20 or prior) will continue to use the
     * old region name format.
     */

    /** Separator used to demarcate the encodedName in a region name
     * in the new format. See description on new format above. 
     */
    private static final int ENC_SEPARATOR = '.';
    public static final int MD5_HEX_LENGTH = 32;

    static final Pattern ENCODED_REGION_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("[a-fA-F0-9]{32}");

    /**
     * Does region name contain its encoded name?
     * @param regionName region name
     * @return boolean indicating if this a new format region
     *         name which contains its encoded name.
     */
    public static boolean isEncodedName(final byte[] regionName) {
        return regionName != null && isEncodedName(Bytes.toString(regionName));
    }

    public static boolean isEncodedName(String regionName) {
        return regionName != null && ENCODED_REGION_PATTERN.matcher(regionName).matches();
    }

    /**
     * Does region name contain its encoded name?
     * @param regionName region name
     * @return boolean indicating if this a new format region
     *         name which contains its encoded name.
     */
    private static boolean hasEncodedName(final byte[] regionName) {
        // check if region name ends in ENC_SEPARATOR
        if ((regionName.length >= 1) && (regionName[regionName.length - 1] == ENC_SEPARATOR)) {
            // region name is new format. it contains the encoded name.
            return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * @param regionName
     * @return the encodedName
     */
    public static String encodeRegionName(final byte[] regionName) {
        String encodedName;
        if (hasEncodedName(regionName)) {
            // region is in new format:
            // <tableName>,<startKey>,<regionIdTimeStamp>/encodedName/
            encodedName = Bytes.toString(regionName, regionName.length - MD5_HEX_LENGTH - 1, MD5_HEX_LENGTH);
        } else {
            // old format region name. ROOT and first META region also 
            // use this format.EncodedName is the JenkinsHash value.
            int hashVal = Math.abs(JenkinsHash.getInstance().hash(regionName, regionName.length, 0));
            encodedName = String.valueOf(hashVal);
        }
        return encodedName;
    }

    /**
     * Use logging.
     * @param encodedRegionName The encoded regionname.
     * @return <code>-ROOT-</code> if passed <code>70236052</code> or
     * <code>.META.</code> if passed </code>1028785192</code> else returns
     * <code>encodedRegionName</code>
     */
    public static String prettyPrint(final String encodedRegionName) {
        if (encodedRegionName.equals("70236052")) {
            return encodedRegionName + "/-ROOT-";
        } else if (encodedRegionName.equals("1028785192")) {
            return encodedRegionName + "/.META.";
        }
        return encodedRegionName;
    }

    /** delimiter used between portions of a region name */
    public static final int DELIMITER = ',';

    /** HRegionInfo for root region */
    public static final MHRegionInfo ROOT_REGIONINFO = new MHRegionInfo(0L, Bytes.toBytes("-ROOT-"));

    /** HRegionInfo for first meta region */
    public static final MHRegionInfo FIRST_META_REGIONINFO = new MHRegionInfo(1L, Bytes.toBytes(".META."));

    private byte[] endKey = HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
    // This flag is in the parent of a split while the parent is still referenced
    // by daughter regions.  We USED to set this flag when we disabled a table
    // but now table state is kept up in zookeeper as of 0.90.0 HBase.
    private boolean offLine = false;
    private long regionId = -1;
    private transient byte[] regionName = HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
    private String regionNameStr = "";
    private boolean split = false;
    private byte[] startKey = HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
    private int hashCode = -1;
    //TODO: Move NO_HASH to HStoreFile which is really the only place it is used.
    public static final String NO_HASH = null;
    private volatile String encodedName = NO_HASH;
    private byte[] encodedNameAsBytes = null;

    // Current TableName
    private byte[] tableName = null;
    private HTableDescriptor tableDesc = null;
    private byte version = VERSION_CURRENT;

    private void setHashCode() {
        int result = Arrays.hashCode(this.regionName);
        result ^= this.regionId;
        result ^= Arrays.hashCode(this.startKey);
        result ^= Arrays.hashCode(this.endKey);
        result ^= Boolean.valueOf(this.offLine).hashCode();
        result ^= Arrays.hashCode(this.tableName);
        this.hashCode = result;
    }

    /**
     * Private constructor used constructing HRegionInfo for the catalog root and
     * first meta regions
     */
    private MHRegionInfo(long regionId, byte[] tableName) {
        super();
        this.regionId = regionId;
        this.tableName = tableName.clone();
        // Note: Root & First Meta regions names are still in old format
        this.regionName = createRegionName(tableName, null, regionId, false);
        this.regionNameStr = Bytes.toStringBinary(this.regionName);
        setHashCode();
    }

    /** Default constructor - creates empty object */
    public MHRegionInfo() {
        super();
    }

    /**
     * Used only for migration
     * @param other HRegionInfoForMigration
     */
    public MHRegionInfo(MHRegionInfo090x other) {
        super();
        this.endKey = other.getEndKey();
        this.offLine = other.isOffline();
        this.regionId = other.getRegionId();
        this.regionName = other.getRegionName();
        this.regionNameStr = Bytes.toStringBinary(this.regionName);
        this.split = other.isSplit();
        this.startKey = other.getStartKey();
        this.hashCode = other.hashCode();
        this.encodedName = other.getEncodedName();
        this.tableName = other.getTableDesc().getName();
    }

    public MHRegionInfo(final byte[] tableName) {
        this(tableName, null, null);
    }

    /**
     * Construct HRegionInfo with explicit parameters
     *
     * @param tableName the table name
     * @param startKey first key in region
     * @param endKey end of key range
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     */
    public MHRegionInfo(final byte[] tableName, final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey)
            throws IllegalArgumentException {
        this(tableName, startKey, endKey, false);
    }

    /**
     * Construct HRegionInfo with explicit parameters
     *
     * @param tableName the table descriptor
     * @param startKey first key in region
     * @param endKey end of key range
     * @param split true if this region has split and we have daughter regions
     * regions that may or may not hold references to this region.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     */
    public MHRegionInfo(final byte[] tableName, final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final boolean split)
            throws IllegalArgumentException {
        this(tableName, startKey, endKey, split, System.currentTimeMillis());
    }

    /**
     * Construct HRegionInfo with explicit parameters
     *
     * @param tableName the table descriptor
     * @param startKey first key in region
     * @param endKey end of key range
     * @param split true if this region has split and we have daughter regions
     * regions that may or may not hold references to this region.
     * @param regionid Region id to use.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     */
    public MHRegionInfo(final byte[] tableName, final byte[] startKey, final byte[] endKey, final boolean split,
            final long regionid) throws IllegalArgumentException {

        super();
        if (tableName == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("tableName cannot be null");
        }
        this.tableName = tableName.clone();
        this.offLine = false;
        this.regionId = regionid;

        this.regionName = createRegionName(this.tableName, startKey, regionId, true);

        this.regionNameStr = Bytes.toStringBinary(this.regionName);
        this.split = split;
        this.endKey = endKey == null ? HConstants.EMPTY_END_ROW : endKey.clone();
        this.startKey = startKey == null ? HConstants.EMPTY_START_ROW : startKey.clone();
        this.tableName = tableName.clone();
        setHashCode();
    }

    /**
     * Costruct a copy of another HRegionInfo
     *
     * @param other
     */
    public MHRegionInfo(MHRegionInfo other) {
        super();
        this.endKey = other.getEndKey();
        this.offLine = other.isOffline();
        this.regionId = other.getRegionId();
        this.regionName = other.getRegionName();
        this.regionNameStr = Bytes.toStringBinary(this.regionName);
        this.split = other.isSplit();
        this.startKey = other.getStartKey();
        this.hashCode = other.hashCode();
        this.encodedName = other.getEncodedName();
        this.tableName = other.tableName;
    }

    /**
     * Make a region name of passed parameters.
     * @param tableName
     * @param startKey Can be null
     * @param regionid Region id (Usually timestamp from when region was created).
     * @param newFormat should we create the region name in the new format
     *                  (such that it contains its encoded name?).
     * @return Region name made of passed tableName, startKey and id
     */
    public static byte[] createRegionName(final byte[] tableName, final byte[] startKey, final long regionid,
            boolean newFormat) {
        return createRegionName(tableName, startKey, Long.toString(regionid), newFormat);
    }

    /**
     * Make a region name of passed parameters.
     * @param tableName
     * @param startKey Can be null
     * @param id Region id (Usually timestamp from when region was created).
     * @param newFormat should we create the region name in the new format
     *                  (such that it contains its encoded name?).
     * @return Region name made of passed tableName, startKey and id
     */
    public static byte[] createRegionName(final byte[] tableName, final byte[] startKey, final String id,
            boolean newFormat) {
        return createRegionName(tableName, startKey, Bytes.toBytes(id), newFormat);
    }

    /**
     * Make a region name of passed parameters.
     * @param tableName
     * @param startKey Can be null
     * @param id Region id (Usually timestamp from when region was created).
     * @param newFormat should we create the region name in the new format
     *                  (such that it contains its encoded name?).
     * @return Region name made of passed tableName, startKey and id
     */
    public static byte[] createRegionName(final byte[] tableName, final byte[] startKey, final byte[] id,
            boolean newFormat) {
        byte[] b = new byte[tableName.length + 2 + id.length + (startKey == null ? 0 : startKey.length)
                + (newFormat ? (MD5_HEX_LENGTH + 2) : 0)];

        int offset = tableName.length;
        System.arraycopy(tableName, 0, b, 0, offset);
        b[offset++] = DELIMITER;
        if (startKey != null && startKey.length > 0) {
            System.arraycopy(startKey, 0, b, offset, startKey.length);
            offset += startKey.length;
        }
        b[offset++] = DELIMITER;
        System.arraycopy(id, 0, b, offset, id.length);
        offset += id.length;

        if (newFormat) {
            //
            // Encoded name should be built into the region name.
            //
            // Use the region name thus far (namely, <tablename>,<startKey>,<id>)
            // to compute a MD5 hash to be used as the encoded name, and append
            // it to the byte buffer.
            //
            String md5Hash = MD5Hash.getMD5AsHex(b, 0, offset);
            byte[] md5HashBytes = Bytes.toBytes(md5Hash);

            if (md5HashBytes.length != MD5_HEX_LENGTH) {
                LOG.error("MD5-hash length mismatch: Expected=" + MD5_HEX_LENGTH + "; Got=" + md5HashBytes.length);
            }

            // now append the bytes '.<encodedName>.' to the end
            b[offset++] = ENC_SEPARATOR;
            System.arraycopy(md5HashBytes, 0, b, offset, MD5_HEX_LENGTH);
            offset += MD5_HEX_LENGTH;
            b[offset++] = ENC_SEPARATOR;
        }

        return b;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the tablename from the specified table or region name
     * @param tableOrRegionName
     * @return
     */
    public static String getTableName(String tableOrRegionName) {
        int offset = tableOrRegionName.indexOf(DELIMITER);
        return (offset != -1) ? tableOrRegionName.substring(0, offset) : tableOrRegionName;
    }

    /**
     * Gets the table name from the specified region name.
     * @param regionName
     * @return Table name.
     */
    public static byte[] getTableName(byte[] regionName) {
        int offset = -1;
        for (int i = 0; i < regionName.length; i++) {
            if (regionName[i] == DELIMITER) {
                offset = i;
                break;
            }
        }
        byte[] tableName = new byte[offset];
        System.arraycopy(regionName, 0, tableName, 0, offset);
        return tableName;
    }

    /**
     * Separate elements of a regionName.
     * @param regionName
     * @return Array of byte[] containing tableName, startKey and id
     * @throws IOException
     */
    public static byte[][] parseRegionName(final byte[] regionName) throws IOException {
        int offset = -1;
        for (int i = 0; i < regionName.length; i++) {
            if (regionName[i] == DELIMITER) {
                offset = i;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (offset == -1)
            throw new IOException("Invalid regionName format");
        byte[] tableName = new byte[offset];
        System.arraycopy(regionName, 0, tableName, 0, offset);
        offset = -1;
        for (int i = regionName.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
            if (regionName[i] == DELIMITER) {
                offset = i;
                break;
            }
        }
        if (offset == -1)
            throw new IOException("Invalid regionName format");
        byte[] startKey = HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY;
        if (offset != tableName.length + 1) {
            startKey = new byte[offset - tableName.length - 1];
            System.arraycopy(regionName, tableName.length + 1, startKey, 0, offset - tableName.length - 1);
        }
        byte[] id = new byte[regionName.length - offset - 1];
        System.arraycopy(regionName, offset + 1, id, 0, regionName.length - offset - 1);
        byte[][] elements = new byte[3][];
        elements[0] = tableName;
        elements[1] = startKey;
        elements[2] = id;
        return elements;
    }

    /** @return the regionId */
    public long getRegionId() {
        return regionId;
    }

    /**
     * @return the regionName as an array of bytes.
     * @see #getRegionNameAsString()
     */
    public byte[] getRegionName() {
        return regionName;
    }

    /**
     * @return Region name as a String for use in logging, etc.
     */
    public String getRegionNameAsString() {
        if (hasEncodedName(this.regionName)) {
            // new format region names already have their encoded name.
            return this.regionNameStr;
        }

        // old format. regionNameStr doesn't have the region name.
        //
        //
        return this.regionNameStr + "." + this.getEncodedName();
    }

    /** @return the encoded region name */
    public synchronized String getEncodedName() {
        if (this.encodedName == NO_HASH) {
            this.encodedName = encodeRegionName(this.regionName);
        }
        return this.encodedName;
    }

    public synchronized byte[] getEncodedNameAsBytes() {
        if (this.encodedNameAsBytes == null) {
            this.encodedNameAsBytes = Bytes.toBytes(getEncodedName());
        }
        return this.encodedNameAsBytes;
    }

    /** @return the startKey */
    public byte[] getStartKey() {
        return startKey;
    }

    /** @return the endKey */
    public byte[] getEndKey() {
        return endKey;
    }

    /**
     * Get current table name of the region
     * @return byte array of table name
     */
    public byte[] getTableName() {
        if (tableName == null || tableName.length == 0) {
            tableName = getTableName(getRegionName());
        }
        return tableName;
    }

    /**
     * Get current table name as string
     * @return string representation of current table
     */
    public String getTableNameAsString() {
        return Bytes.toString(tableName);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the given inclusive range of rows is fully contained
     * by this region. For example, if the region is foo,a,g and this is
     * passed ["b","c"] or ["a","c"] it will return true, but if this is passed
     * ["b","z"] it will return false.
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the range passed is invalid (ie end < start)
     */
    public boolean containsRange(byte[] rangeStartKey, byte[] rangeEndKey) {
        if (Bytes.compareTo(rangeStartKey, rangeEndKey) > 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid range: " + Bytes.toStringBinary(rangeStartKey) + " > "
                    + Bytes.toStringBinary(rangeEndKey));
        }

        boolean firstKeyInRange = Bytes.compareTo(rangeStartKey, startKey) >= 0;
        boolean lastKeyInRange = Bytes.compareTo(rangeEndKey, endKey) < 0
                || Bytes.equals(endKey, HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY);
        return firstKeyInRange && lastKeyInRange;
    }

    /**
     * Return true if the given row falls in this region.
     */
    public boolean containsRow(byte[] row) {
        return Bytes.compareTo(row, startKey) >= 0
                && (Bytes.compareTo(row, endKey) < 0 || Bytes.equals(endKey, HConstants.EMPTY_BYTE_ARRAY));
    }

    /**
     * @return the tableDesc
     * @deprecated Do not use; expensive call
     *         use HRegionInfo.getTableNameAsString() in place of
     *         HRegionInfo.getTableDesc().getNameAsString()
     */
    @Deprecated
    public HTableDescriptor getTableDesc() {
        return tableDesc;
    }

    /**
     * @param newDesc new table descriptor to use
     * @deprecated Do not use; expensive call
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void setTableDesc(HTableDescriptor newDesc) {
        tableDesc = newDesc;
    }

    /** @return true if this is the root region */
    public boolean isRootRegion() {
        return Bytes.equals(tableName, MHRegionInfo.ROOT_REGIONINFO.getTableName());
    }

    /** @return true if this region is from a table that is a meta table,
     * either <code>.META.</code> or <code>-ROOT-</code>
     */
    public boolean isMetaTable() {
        return isRootRegion() || isMetaRegion();
    }

    /** @return true if this region is a meta region */
    public boolean isMetaRegion() {
        return Bytes.equals(tableName, MHRegionInfo.FIRST_META_REGIONINFO.getTableName());
    }

    /**
     * @return True if has been split and has daughters.
     */
    public boolean isSplit() {
        return this.split;
    }

    /**
     * @param split set split status
     */
    public void setSplit(boolean split) {
        this.split = split;
    }

    /**
     * @return True if this region is offline.
     */
    public boolean isOffline() {
        return this.offLine;
    }

    /**
     * The parent of a region split is offline while split daughters hold
     * references to the parent. Offlined regions are closed.
     * @param offLine Set online/offline status.
     */
    public void setOffline(boolean offLine) {
        this.offLine = offLine;
    }

    /**
     * @return True if this is a split parent region.
     */
    public boolean isSplitParent() {
        if (!isSplit())
            return false;
        if (!isOffline()) {
            LOG.warn("Region is split but NOT offline: " + getRegionNameAsString());
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#toString()
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        if (getVersion() == VERSION_CURRENT) {
            return "{" + HConstants.NAME + " => '" + this.regionNameStr + "', STARTKEY => '"
                    + Bytes.toStringBinary(this.startKey) + "', ENDKEY => '" + Bytes.toStringBinary(this.endKey)
                    + "', ENCODED => " + getEncodedName() + "," + (isOffline() ? " OFFLINE => true," : "")
                    + (isSplit() ? " SPLIT => true," : "") + "}";
        } else {
            return "REGION => {" + HConstants.NAME + " => '" + this.regionNameStr + "', STARTKEY => '"
                    + Bytes.toStringBinary(this.startKey) + "', ENDKEY => '" + Bytes.toStringBinary(this.endKey)
                    + "', ENCODED => " + getEncodedName() + "," + (isOffline() ? " OFFLINE => true," : "")
                    + (isSplit() ? " SPLIT => true," : "") + " TABLE => {" + this.tableDesc.toString() + "}";
        }
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
     */
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) {
            return true;
        }
        if (o == null) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!(o instanceof MHRegionInfo)) {
            return false;
        }
        return this.compareTo((MHRegionInfo) o) == 0;
    }

    /**
     * @see java.lang.Object#hashCode()
     */
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return this.hashCode;
    }

    /** @return the object version number */
    @Override
    public byte getVersion() {
        return this.version;
    }

    //
    // Writable
    //

    public void setVersion(byte version) {
        this.version = version;
    }

    @Override
    public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException {
        out.writeByte(getVersion());
        Bytes.writeByteArray(out, endKey);
        out.writeBoolean(offLine);
        out.writeLong(regionId);
        Bytes.writeByteArray(out, regionName);
        out.writeBoolean(split);
        Bytes.writeByteArray(out, startKey);
        if (getVersion() == 0) {
            tableDesc.write(out);
        } else {
            Bytes.writeByteArray(out, tableName);
        }
        out.writeInt(hashCode);
    }

    @Override
    public void readFields(DataInput in) throws IOException {
        // Read the single version byte.  We don't ask the super class do it
        // because freaks out if its not the current classes' version.  This method
        // can deserialize version 0 and version 1 of HRI.
        byte version = in.readByte();
        if (version == 0) {
            // This is the old HRI that carried an HTD.  Migrate it.  The below
            // was copied from the old 0.90 HRI readFields.
            this.endKey = Bytes.readByteArray(in);
            this.offLine = in.readBoolean();
            this.regionId = in.readLong();
            this.regionName = Bytes.readByteArray(in);
            this.regionNameStr = Bytes.toStringBinary(this.regionName);
            this.split = in.readBoolean();
            this.startKey = Bytes.readByteArray(in);
            try {
                tableDesc = new HTableDescriptor();
                tableDesc.readFields(in);
                this.tableName = tableDesc.getName();
            } catch (EOFException eofe) {
                throw new IOException("HTD not found in input buffer", eofe);
            }
            this.hashCode = in.readInt();
        } else if (getVersion() == version) {
            this.endKey = Bytes.readByteArray(in);
            this.offLine = in.readBoolean();
            this.regionId = in.readLong();
            this.regionName = Bytes.readByteArray(in);
            this.regionNameStr = Bytes.toStringBinary(this.regionName);
            this.split = in.readBoolean();
            this.startKey = Bytes.readByteArray(in);
            this.tableName = Bytes.readByteArray(in);
            this.hashCode = in.readInt();
        } else {
            throw new IOException("Non-migratable/unknown version=" + getVersion());
        }
    }

    //
    // Comparable
    //

    public int compareTo(MHRegionInfo o) {
        if (o == null) {
            return 1;
        }

        // Are regions of same table?
        int result = Bytes.compareTo(this.tableName, o.tableName);
        if (result != 0) {
            return result;
        }

        // Compare start keys.
        result = Bytes.compareTo(this.startKey, o.startKey);
        if (result != 0) {
            return result;
        }

        // Compare end keys.
        result = Bytes.compareTo(this.endKey, o.endKey);

        if (result != 0) {
            if (this.getStartKey().length != 0 && this.getEndKey().length == 0) {
                return 1; // this is last region
            }
            if (o.getStartKey().length != 0 && o.getEndKey().length == 0) {
                return -1; // o is the last region
            }
            return result;
        }

        // regionId is usually milli timestamp -- this defines older stamps
        // to be "smaller" than newer stamps in sort order.
        if (this.regionId > o.regionId) {
            return 1;
        } else if (this.regionId < o.regionId) {
            return -1;
        }

        if (this.offLine == o.offLine)
            return 0;
        if (this.offLine == true)
            return -1;

        return 1;
    }

    /**
     * @return Comparator to use comparing {@link KeyValue}s.
     */
    public KVComparator getComparator() {
        return isRootRegion() ? KeyValue.ROOT_COMPARATOR
                : isMetaRegion() ? KeyValue.META_COMPARATOR : KeyValue.COMPARATOR;
    }
}