org.apache.beam.runners.dataflow.worker.util.GroupAlsoByWindowProperties.java Source code

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/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.beam.runners.dataflow.worker.util;

import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.contains;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsInAnyOrder;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.hasSize;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import org.apache.beam.runners.core.InMemoryStateInternals;
import org.apache.beam.runners.core.NullSideInputReader;
import org.apache.beam.runners.core.OutputWindowedValue;
import org.apache.beam.runners.core.StateInternals;
import org.apache.beam.runners.core.StateInternalsFactory;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptions;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.options.PipelineOptionsFactory;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.Combine.CombineFn;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.BoundedWindow;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.FixedWindows;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.IntervalWindow;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.PaneInfo;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.Sessions;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.SlidingWindows;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.transforms.windowing.TimestampCombiner;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.util.WindowedValue;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.KV;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TimestampedValue;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.TupleTag;
import org.apache.beam.sdk.values.WindowingStrategy;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilder;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.cache.CacheLoader;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.cache.LoadingCache;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v26_0_jre.com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
import org.joda.time.Duration;
import org.joda.time.Instant;

/**
 * Properties of {@link BatchGroupAlsoByWindowFn}.
 *
 * <p>Some properties may not hold of some implementations, due to restrictions on the context in
 * which the implementation is applicable. For example, some {@code GroupAlsoByWindows} may not
 * support merging windows.
 */
public class GroupAlsoByWindowProperties {

    /**
     * A factory of {@link BatchGroupAlsoByWindowFn} so that the various properties can provide the
     * appropriate windowing strategy under test.
     */
    public interface GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<K, InputT, OutputT> {
        <W extends BoundedWindow> BatchGroupAlsoByWindowFn<K, InputT, OutputT> forStrategy(
                WindowingStrategy<?, W> strategy, StateInternalsFactory<K> stateInternalsFactory);
    }

    /**
     * Tests that for empty input and the given {@link WindowingStrategy}, the provided GABW
     * implementation produces no output.
     *
     * <p>The input type is deliberately left as a wildcard, since it is not relevant.
     */
    public static <K, InputT, OutputT> void emptyInputEmptyOutput(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<K, InputT, OutputT> gabwFactory) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(FixedWindows.of(Duration.millis(10)));

        // This key should never actually be used, though it is eagerly passed to the
        // StateInternalsFactory so must be non-null
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        K fakeKey = (K) "this key should never be used";

        List<WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, fakeKey,
                Collections.<WindowedValue<InputT>>emptyList());

        assertThat(result, hasSize(0));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that for a simple sequence of elements on the same key, the given GABW implementation
     * correctly groups them according to fixed windows.
     */
    public static void groupsElementsIntoFixedWindows(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, String, Iterable<String>> gabwFactory) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(FixedWindows.of(Duration.millis(10)));

        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "key",
                WindowedValue.of("v1", new Instant(1), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v2", new Instant(2), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v3", new Instant(13), Arrays.asList(window(10, 20)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(2));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(0, 10));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), containsInAnyOrder("v1", "v2"));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(0, 10).maxTimestamp()));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(10, 20));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), contains("v3"));
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(10, 20).maxTimestamp()));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that for a simple sequence of elements on the same key, the given GABW implementation
     * correctly groups them into sliding windows.
     *
     * <p>In the input here, each element occurs in multiple windows.
     */
    public static void groupsElementsIntoSlidingWindowsWithMinTimestamp(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, String, Iterable<String>> gabwFactory) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(SlidingWindows.of(Duration.millis(20)).every(Duration.millis(10)))
                .withTimestampCombiner(TimestampCombiner.EARLIEST);

        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "key",
                WindowedValue.of("v1", new Instant(5), Arrays.asList(window(-10, 10), window(0, 20)),
                        PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v2", new Instant(15), Arrays.asList(window(0, 20), window(10, 30)),
                        PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(3));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(-10, 10));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), contains("v1"));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(5)));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(0, 20));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), containsInAnyOrder("v1", "v2"));
        // Timestamp adjusted by WindowFn to exceed the end of the prior sliding window
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(10)));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item2 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(10, 30));
        assertThat(item2.getValue().getValue(), contains("v2"));
        // Timestamp adjusted by WindowFn to exceed the end of the prior sliding window
        assertThat(item2.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(20)));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that for a simple sequence of elements on the same key, the given GABW implementation
     * correctly groups and combines them according to sliding windows.
     *
     * <p>In the input here, each element occurs in multiple windows.
     */
    public static void combinesElementsInSlidingWindows(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, Long, Long> gabwFactory, CombineFn<Long, ?, Long> combineFn)
            throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(SlidingWindows.of(Duration.millis(20)).every(Duration.millis(10)))
                .withTimestampCombiner(TimestampCombiner.EARLIEST);

        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Long>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "k",
                WindowedValue.of(1L, new Instant(5), Arrays.asList(window(-10, 10), window(0, 20)),
                        PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of(2L, new Instant(15), Arrays.asList(window(0, 20), window(10, 30)),
                        PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of(4L, new Instant(18), Arrays.asList(window(0, 20), window(10, 30)),
                        PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(3));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Long>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(-10, 10));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getKey(), equalTo("k"));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), equalTo(combineFn.apply(ImmutableList.of(1L))));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(5L)));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Long>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(0, 20));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getKey(), equalTo("k"));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), equalTo(combineFn.apply(ImmutableList.of(1L, 2L, 4L))));
        // Timestamp adjusted by WindowFn to exceed the end of the prior sliding window
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(10L)));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Long>> item2 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(10, 30));
        assertThat(item2.getValue().getKey(), equalTo("k"));
        assertThat(item2.getValue().getValue(), equalTo(combineFn.apply(ImmutableList.of(2L, 4L))));
        // Timestamp adjusted by WindowFn to exceed the end of the prior sliding window
        assertThat(item2.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(20L)));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that the given GABW implementation correctly groups elements that fall into overlapping
     * windows that are not merged.
     */
    public static void groupsIntoOverlappingNonmergingWindows(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, String, Iterable<String>> gabwFactory) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(FixedWindows.of(Duration.millis(10)));

        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "key",
                WindowedValue.of("v1", new Instant(1), Arrays.asList(window(0, 5)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v2", new Instant(4), Arrays.asList(window(1, 5)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v3", new Instant(4), Arrays.asList(window(0, 5)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(2));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(0, 5));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), containsInAnyOrder("v1", "v3"));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(1, 5).maxTimestamp()));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(1, 5));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), contains("v2"));
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(0, 5).maxTimestamp()));
    }

    /** Tests that the given GABW implementation correctly groups elements into merged sessions. */
    public static void groupsElementsInMergedSessions(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, String, Iterable<String>> gabwFactory) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(Sessions.withGapDuration(Duration.millis(10)));

        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "key",
                WindowedValue.of("v1", new Instant(0), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v2", new Instant(5), Arrays.asList(window(5, 15)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v3", new Instant(15), Arrays.asList(window(15, 25)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(2));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(0, 15));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), containsInAnyOrder("v1", "v2"));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(0, 15).maxTimestamp()));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(15, 25));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), contains("v3"));
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(15, 25).maxTimestamp()));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that the given {@link BatchGroupAlsoByWindowFn} implementation combines elements per
     * session window correctly according to the provided {@link CombineFn}.
     */
    public static void combinesElementsPerSession(GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, Long, Long> gabwFactory,
            CombineFn<Long, ?, Long> combineFn) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(Sessions.withGapDuration(Duration.millis(10)));

        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Long>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "k",
                WindowedValue.of(1L, new Instant(0), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of(2L, new Instant(5), Arrays.asList(window(5, 15)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of(4L, new Instant(15), Arrays.asList(window(15, 25)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(2));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Long>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(0, 15));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getKey(), equalTo("k"));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), equalTo(combineFn.apply(ImmutableList.of(1L, 2L))));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(0, 15).maxTimestamp()));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Long>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(15, 25));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getKey(), equalTo("k"));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), equalTo(combineFn.apply(ImmutableList.of(4L))));
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(15, 25).maxTimestamp()));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that for a simple sequence of elements on the same key, the given GABW implementation
     * correctly groups them according to fixed windows and also sets the output timestamp according
     * to the policy {@link TimestampCombiner#END_OF_WINDOW}.
     */
    public static void groupsElementsIntoFixedWindowsWithEndOfWindowTimestamp(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, String, Iterable<String>> gabwFactory) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(FixedWindows.of(Duration.millis(10))).withTimestampCombiner(TimestampCombiner.END_OF_WINDOW);

        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "key",
                WindowedValue.of("v1", new Instant(1), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v2", new Instant(2), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v3", new Instant(13), Arrays.asList(window(10, 20)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(2));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(0, 10));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), containsInAnyOrder("v1", "v2"));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(0, 10).maxTimestamp()));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(10, 20));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), contains("v3"));
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(10, 20).maxTimestamp()));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that for a simple sequence of elements on the same key, the given GABW implementation
     * correctly groups them according to fixed windows and also sets the output timestamp according
     * to the policy {@link TimestampCombiner#LATEST}.
     */
    public static void groupsElementsIntoFixedWindowsWithLatestTimestamp(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, String, Iterable<String>> gabwFactory) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(FixedWindows.of(Duration.millis(10))).withTimestampCombiner(TimestampCombiner.LATEST);

        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "k",
                WindowedValue.of("v1", new Instant(1), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v2", new Instant(2), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v3", new Instant(13), Arrays.asList(window(10, 20)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(2));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(0, 10));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), containsInAnyOrder("v1", "v2"));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(2)));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(10, 20));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), contains("v3"));
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(13)));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that the given GABW implementation correctly groups elements into merged sessions with
     * output timestamps at the end of the merged window.
     */
    public static void groupsElementsInMergedSessionsWithEndOfWindowTimestamp(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, String, Iterable<String>> gabwFactory) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(Sessions.withGapDuration(Duration.millis(10)))
                .withTimestampCombiner(TimestampCombiner.END_OF_WINDOW);

        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "k",
                WindowedValue.of("v1", new Instant(0), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v2", new Instant(5), Arrays.asList(window(5, 15)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v3", new Instant(15), Arrays.asList(window(15, 25)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(2));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(0, 15));
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), containsInAnyOrder("v1", "v2"));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(0, 15).maxTimestamp()));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, window(15, 25));
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), contains("v3"));
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(window(15, 25).maxTimestamp()));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that the given GABW implementation correctly groups elements into merged sessions with
     * output timestamps at the end of the merged window.
     */
    public static void groupsElementsInMergedSessionsWithLatestTimestamp(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, String, Iterable<String>> gabwFactory) throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(Sessions.withGapDuration(Duration.millis(10))).withTimestampCombiner(TimestampCombiner.LATEST);

        BoundedWindow unmergedWindow = window(15, 25);
        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "k",
                WindowedValue.of("v1", new Instant(0), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v2", new Instant(5), Arrays.asList(window(5, 15)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of("v3", new Instant(15), Arrays.asList(unmergedWindow), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(2));

        BoundedWindow mergedWindow = window(0, 15);
        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, mergedWindow);
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), containsInAnyOrder("v1", "v2"));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(5)));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Iterable<String>>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, unmergedWindow);
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), contains("v3"));
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(new Instant(15)));
    }

    /**
     * Tests that the given {@link BatchGroupAlsoByWindowFn} implementation combines elements per
     * session window correctly according to the provided {@link CombineFn}.
     */
    public static void combinesElementsPerSessionWithEndOfWindowTimestamp(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<String, Long, Long> gabwFactory, CombineFn<Long, ?, Long> combineFn)
            throws Exception {

        WindowingStrategy<?, IntervalWindow> windowingStrategy = WindowingStrategy
                .of(Sessions.withGapDuration(Duration.millis(10)))
                .withTimestampCombiner(TimestampCombiner.END_OF_WINDOW);

        BoundedWindow secondWindow = window(15, 25);
        List<WindowedValue<KV<String, Long>>> result = runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, "k",
                WindowedValue.of(1L, new Instant(0), Arrays.asList(window(0, 10)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of(2L, new Instant(5), Arrays.asList(window(5, 15)), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING),
                WindowedValue.of(4L, new Instant(15), Arrays.asList(secondWindow), PaneInfo.NO_FIRING));

        assertThat(result, hasSize(2));

        BoundedWindow firstResultWindow = window(0, 15);
        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Long>> item0 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, firstResultWindow);
        assertThat(item0.getValue().getValue(), equalTo(combineFn.apply(ImmutableList.of(1L, 2L))));
        assertThat(item0.getTimestamp(), equalTo(firstResultWindow.maxTimestamp()));

        TimestampedValue<KV<String, Long>> item1 = getOnlyElementInWindow(result, secondWindow);
        assertThat(item1.getValue().getValue(), equalTo(combineFn.apply(ImmutableList.of(4L))));
        assertThat(item1.getTimestamp(), equalTo(secondWindow.maxTimestamp()));
    }

    @SafeVarargs
    private static <K, InputT, OutputT, W extends BoundedWindow> List<WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>>> runGABW(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<K, InputT, OutputT> gabwFactory, WindowingStrategy<?, W> windowingStrategy,
            K key, WindowedValue<InputT>... values) throws Exception {
        return runGABW(gabwFactory, windowingStrategy, key, Arrays.asList(values));
    }

    private static <K, InputT, OutputT, W extends BoundedWindow> List<WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>>> runGABW(
            GroupAlsoByWindowDoFnFactory<K, InputT, OutputT> gabwFactory, WindowingStrategy<?, W> windowingStrategy,
            K key, Collection<WindowedValue<InputT>> values) throws Exception {

        final StateInternalsFactory<K> stateInternalsCache = new CachingStateInternalsFactory<>();

        List<WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>>> output = processElement(
                gabwFactory.forStrategy(windowingStrategy, stateInternalsCache),
                KV.<K, Iterable<WindowedValue<InputT>>>of(key, values));

        // Sanity check for corruption
        for (WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>> value : output) {
            assertThat(value.getValue().getKey(), equalTo(key));
        }

        return output;
    }

    private static BoundedWindow window(long start, long end) {
        return new IntervalWindow(new Instant(start), new Instant(end));
    }

    private static final class CachingStateInternalsFactory<K> implements StateInternalsFactory<K> {
        private final LoadingCache<K, StateInternals> stateInternalsCache;

        private CachingStateInternalsFactory() {
            this.stateInternalsCache = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().build(new StateInternalsLoader<K>());
        }

        @Override
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        public StateInternals stateInternalsForKey(K key) {
            try {
                return stateInternalsCache.get(key);
            } catch (Exception exc) {
                throw new RuntimeException(exc);
            }
        }
    }

    private static class StateInternalsLoader<K> extends CacheLoader<K, StateInternals> {
        @Override
        public StateInternals load(K key) throws Exception {
            return InMemoryStateInternals.forKey(key);
        }
    }

    private static final PipelineOptions OPTIONS = PipelineOptionsFactory.create();

    private static <K, InputT, OutputT, W extends BoundedWindow> List<WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>>> processElement(
            BatchGroupAlsoByWindowFn<K, InputT, OutputT> fn, KV<K, Iterable<WindowedValue<InputT>>> element)
            throws Exception {
        TestOutput<K, OutputT> output = new TestOutput<>();
        fn.processElement(element, OPTIONS, null /* timerInternals */, NullSideInputReader.empty(), output);
        return output.getOutput();
    }

    private static <K, OutputT> TimestampedValue<KV<K, OutputT>> getOnlyElementInWindow(
            List<WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>>> output, final BoundedWindow window) {
        WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>> res = Iterables
                .getOnlyElement(Iterables.filter(output, input -> input.getWindows().contains(window)));
        return TimestampedValue.of(res.getValue(), res.getTimestamp());
    }

    private static class TestOutput<K, OutputT> implements OutputWindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>> {
        private final List<WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>>> output = new ArrayList<>();

        @Override
        public void outputWindowedValue(KV<K, OutputT> output, Instant timestamp,
                Collection<? extends BoundedWindow> windows, PaneInfo pane) {
            this.output.add(WindowedValue.of(output, timestamp, windows, pane));
        }

        public List<WindowedValue<KV<K, OutputT>>> getOutput() {
            return output;
        }

        @Override
        public <AdditionalOutputT> void outputWindowedValue(TupleTag<AdditionalOutputT> tag,
                AdditionalOutputT output, Instant timestamp, Collection<? extends BoundedWindow> windows,
                PaneInfo pane) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }
}