org.apache.commons.configuration.XMLConfiguration.java Source code

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/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.apache.commons.configuration;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.Reader;
import java.io.Writer;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.ParserConfigurationException;
import javax.xml.transform.OutputKeys;
import javax.xml.transform.Result;
import javax.xml.transform.Source;
import javax.xml.transform.Transformer;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerException;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactory;
import javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactoryConfigurationError;
import javax.xml.transform.dom.DOMSource;
import javax.xml.transform.stream.StreamResult;

import org.apache.commons.configuration.tree.ConfigurationNode;
import org.w3c.dom.Attr;
import org.w3c.dom.CDATASection;
import org.w3c.dom.DOMException;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.NamedNodeMap;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.w3c.dom.Text;
import org.xml.sax.EntityResolver;
import org.xml.sax.InputSource;
import org.xml.sax.SAXException;
import org.xml.sax.SAXParseException;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.DefaultHandler;

/**
 * <p>A specialized hierarchical configuration class that is able to parse XML
 * documents.</p>
 *
 * <p>The parsed document will be stored keeping its structure. The class also
 * tries to preserve as much information from the loaded XML document as
 * possible, including comments and processing instructions. These will be
 * contained in documents created by the <code>save()</code> methods, too.</p>
 *
 * <p>Like other file based configuration classes this class maintains the name
 * and path to the loaded configuration file. These properties can be altered
 * using several setter methods, but they are not modified by <code>save()</code>
 * and <code>load()</code> methods. If XML documents contain relative paths to
 * other documents (e.g. to a DTD), these references are resolved based on the
 * path set for this configuration.</p>
 *
 * <p>By inheriting from <code>{@link AbstractConfiguration}</code> this class
 * provides some extended functionality, e.g. interpolation of property values.
 * Like in <code>{@link PropertiesConfiguration}</code> property values can
 * contain delimiter characters (the comma ',' per default) and are then split
 * into multiple values. This works for XML attributes and text content of
 * elements as well. The delimiter can be escaped by a backslash. As an example
 * consider the following XML fragment:</p>
 *
 * <p>
 * <pre>
 * &lt;config&gt;
 *   &lt;array&gt;10,20,30,40&lt;/array&gt;
 *   &lt;scalar&gt;3\,1415&lt;/scalar&gt;
 *   &lt;cite text="To be or not to be\, this is the question!"/&gt;
 * &lt;/config&gt;
 * </pre>
 * </p>
 * <p>Here the content of the <code>array</code> element will be split at
 * the commas, so the <code>array</code> key will be assigned 4 values. In the
 * <code>scalar</code> property and the <code>text</code> attribute of the
 * <code>cite</code> element the comma is escaped, so that no splitting is
 * performed.</p>
 *
 * <p>The configuration API allows setting multiple values for a single attribute,
 * e.g. something like the following is legal (assuming that the default
 * expression engine is used):
 * <pre>
 * XMLConfiguration config = new XMLConfiguration();
 * config.addProperty("test.dir[@name]", "C:\\Temp\\");
 * config.addProperty("test.dir[@name]", "D:\\Data\\");
 * </pre></p>
 *
 * <p>Because in XML such a constellation is not directly supported (an attribute
 * can appear only once for a single element), the values are concatenated to a
 * single value. If delimiter parsing is enabled (refer to the
 * <code>{@link #setDelimiterParsingDisabled(boolean)}</code> method), the
 * current list delimiter character will be used as separator. Otherwise the
 * pipe symbol ("|") will be used for this purpose. No matter which character is
 * used as delimiter, it can always be escaped with a backslash. A backslash
 * itself can also be escaped with another backslash. Consider the following
 * example fragment from a configuration file:
 * <pre>
 * &lt;directories names="C:\Temp\\|D:\Data\"/&gt;
 * </pre>
 * Here the backslash after Temp is escaped. This is necessary because it
 * would escape the list delimiter (the pipe symbol assuming that list delimiter
 * parsing is disabled) otherwise. So this attribute would have two values.</p>
 *
 * <p>Note: You should ensure that the <em>delimiter parsing disabled</em>
 * property is always consistent when you load and save a configuration file.
 * Otherwise the values of properties can become corrupted.</p>
 *
 * <p>Whitespace in the content of XML documents is trimmed per default. In most
 * cases this is desired. However, sometimes whitespace is indeed important and
 * should be treated as part of the value of a property as in the following
 * example:
 * <pre>
 *   &lt;indent&gt;    &lt;/indent&gt;
 * </pre></p>
 *
 * <p>Per default the spaces in the <code>indent</code> element will be trimmed
 * resulting in an empty element. To tell <code>XMLConfiguration</code> that
 * spaces are relevant the <code>xml:space</code> attribute can be used, which is
 * defined in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-white-space">XML
 * specification</a>. This will look as follows:
 * <pre>
 *   &lt;indent <strong>xml:space=&quot;preserve&quot;</strong>&gt;    &lt;/indent&gt;
 * </pre>
 * The value of the <code>indent</code> property will now contain the spaces.</p>
 *
 * <p><code>XMLConfiguration</code> implements the <code>{@link FileConfiguration}</code>
 * interface and thus provides full support for loading XML documents from
 * different sources like files, URLs, or streams. A full description of these
 * features can be found in the documentation of
 * <code>{@link AbstractFileConfiguration}</code>.</p>
 *
 * <p><em>Note:</em>Configuration objects of this type can be read concurrently
 * by multiple threads. However if one of these threads modifies the object,
 * synchronization has to be performed manually.</p>
 *
 * @since commons-configuration 1.0
 *
 * @author J&ouml;rg Schaible
 * @author Oliver Heger
 * @version $Revision: 721895 $, $Date: 2008-11-30 22:08:42 +0100 (So, 30 Nov 2008) $
 */
public class XMLConfiguration extends AbstractHierarchicalFileConfiguration implements EntityResolver {
    /**
     * The serial version UID.
     */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 2453781111653383552L;

    /** Constant for the default root element name. */
    private static final String DEFAULT_ROOT_NAME = "configuration";

    /** Constant for the name of the space attribute.*/
    private static final String ATTR_SPACE = "xml:space";

    /** Constant for the xml:space value for preserving whitespace.*/
    private static final String VALUE_PRESERVE = "preserve";

    /** Constant for the delimiter for multiple attribute values.*/
    private static final char ATTR_VALUE_DELIMITER = '|';

    /** The document from this configuration's data source. */
    private Document document;

    /** Stores a map with the registered public IDs.*/
    private Map registeredEntities = new HashMap();

    /** Stores the name of the root element. */
    private String rootElementName;

    /** Stores the public ID from the DOCTYPE.*/
    private String publicID;

    /** Stores the system ID from the DOCTYPE.*/
    private String systemID;

    /** Stores the document builder that should be used for loading.*/
    private DocumentBuilder documentBuilder;

    /** Stores a flag whether DTD validation should be performed.*/
    private boolean validating;

    /** A flag whether attribute splitting is disabled.*/
    private boolean attributeSplittingDisabled;

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of <code>XMLConfiguration</code>.
     */
    public XMLConfiguration() {
        super();
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of <code>XMLConfiguration</code> and copies the
     * content of the passed in configuration into this object. Note that only
     * the data of the passed in configuration will be copied. If, for instance,
     * the other configuration is a <code>XMLConfiguration</code>, too,
     * things like comments or processing instructions will be lost.
     *
     * @param c the configuration to copy
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public XMLConfiguration(HierarchicalConfiguration c) {
        super(c);
        clearReferences(getRootNode());
        setRootElementName(getRootNode().getName());
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of <code>XMLConfiguration</code>. The
     * configuration is loaded from the specified file
     *
     * @param fileName the name of the file to load
     * @throws ConfigurationException if the file cannot be loaded
     */
    public XMLConfiguration(String fileName) throws ConfigurationException {
        super(fileName);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of <code>XMLConfiguration</code>.
     * The configuration is loaded from the specified file.
     *
     * @param file the file
     * @throws ConfigurationException if an error occurs while loading the file
     */
    public XMLConfiguration(File file) throws ConfigurationException {
        super(file);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new instance of <code>XMLConfiguration</code>.
     * The configuration is loaded from the specified URL.
     *
     * @param url the URL
     * @throws ConfigurationException if loading causes an error
     */
    public XMLConfiguration(URL url) throws ConfigurationException {
        super(url);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the name of the root element. If this configuration was loaded
     * from a XML document, the name of this document's root element is
     * returned. Otherwise it is possible to set a name for the root element
     * that will be used when this configuration is stored.
     *
     * @return the name of the root element
     */
    public String getRootElementName() {
        if (getDocument() == null) {
            return (rootElementName == null) ? DEFAULT_ROOT_NAME : rootElementName;
        } else {
            return getDocument().getDocumentElement().getNodeName();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the name of the root element. This name is used when this
     * configuration object is stored in an XML file. Note that setting the name
     * of the root element works only if this configuration has been newly
     * created. If the configuration was loaded from an XML file, the name
     * cannot be changed and an <code>UnsupportedOperationException</code>
     * exception is thrown. Whether this configuration has been loaded from an
     * XML document or not can be found out using the <code>getDocument()</code>
     * method.
     *
     * @param name the name of the root element
     */
    public void setRootElementName(String name) {
        if (getDocument() != null) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException(
                    "The name of the root element " + "cannot be changed when loaded from an XML document!");
        }
        rootElementName = name;
        getRootNode().setName(name);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the <code>DocumentBuilder</code> object that is used for
     * loading documents. If no specific builder has been set, this method
     * returns <b>null</b>.
     *
     * @return the <code>DocumentBuilder</code> for loading new documents
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public DocumentBuilder getDocumentBuilder() {
        return documentBuilder;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the <code>DocumentBuilder</code> object to be used for loading
     * documents. This method makes it possible to specify the exact document
     * builder. So an application can create a builder, configure it for its
     * special needs, and then pass it to this method.
     *
     * @param documentBuilder the document builder to be used; if undefined, a
     * default builder will be used
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public void setDocumentBuilder(DocumentBuilder documentBuilder) {
        this.documentBuilder = documentBuilder;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the public ID of the DOCTYPE declaration from the loaded XML
     * document. This is <b>null</b> if no document has been loaded yet or if
     * the document does not contain a DOCTYPE declaration with a public ID.
     *
     * @return the public ID
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public String getPublicID() {
        return publicID;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the public ID of the DOCTYPE declaration. When this configuration is
     * saved, a DOCTYPE declaration will be constructed that contains this
     * public ID.
     *
     * @param publicID the public ID
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public void setPublicID(String publicID) {
        this.publicID = publicID;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the system ID of the DOCTYPE declaration from the loaded XML
     * document. This is <b>null</b> if no document has been loaded yet or if
     * the document does not contain a DOCTYPE declaration with a system ID.
     *
     * @return the system ID
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public String getSystemID() {
        return systemID;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the system ID of the DOCTYPE declaration. When this configuration is
     * saved, a DOCTYPE declaration will be constructed that contains this
     * system ID.
     *
     * @param systemID the system ID
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public void setSystemID(String systemID) {
        this.systemID = systemID;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value of the validating flag.
     *
     * @return the validating flag
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public boolean isValidating() {
        return validating;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the value of the validating flag. This flag determines whether
     * DTD validation should be performed when loading XML documents. This
     * flag is evaluated only if no custom <code>DocumentBuilder</code> was set.
     *
     * @param validating the validating flag
     * @since 1.2
     */
    public void setValidating(boolean validating) {
        this.validating = validating;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the flag whether attribute splitting is disabled.
     *
     * @return the flag whether attribute splitting is disabled
     * @see #setAttributeSplittingDisabled(boolean)
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public boolean isAttributeSplittingDisabled() {
        return attributeSplittingDisabled;
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * Sets a flag whether attribute splitting is disabled.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * The Configuration API allows adding multiple values to an attribute. This
     * is problematic when storing the configuration because in XML an attribute
     * can appear only once with a single value. To solve this problem, per
     * default multiple attribute values are concatenated using a special
     * separator character and split again when the configuration is loaded. The
     * separator character is either the list delimiter character (see
     * {@link #setListDelimiter(char)}) or the pipe symbol (&quot;|&quot;) if
     * list delimiter parsing is disabled.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * In some constellations the splitting of attribute values can have
     * undesired effects, especially if list delimiter parsing is disabled and
     * attributes may contain the &quot;|&quot; character. In these cases it is
     * possible to disable the attribute splitting mechanism by calling this
     * method with a boolean value set to <b>false</b>. If attribute splitting
     * is disabled, the values of attributes will not be processed, but stored
     * as configuration properties exactly as they are returned by the XML
     * parser.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * Note that in this mode multiple attribute values cannot be handled
     * correctly. It is possible to create a <code>XMLConfiguration</code>
     * object, add multiple values to an attribute and save it. When the
     * configuration is loaded again and attribute splitting is disabled, the
     * attribute will only have a single value, which is the concatenation of
     * all values set before. So it lies in the responsibility of the
     * application to carefully set the values of attributes.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * As is true for the {@link #setDelimiterParsingDisabled(boolean)} method,
     * this method must be called before the configuration is loaded. So it
     * can't be used together with one of the constructors expecting the
     * specification of the file to load. Instead the default constructor has to
     * be used, then <code>setAttributeSplittingDisabled(false)</code> has to be
     * called, and finally the configuration can be loaded using one of its
     * <code>load()</code> methods.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param attributeSplittingDisabled <b>true</b> for disabling attribute
     *        splitting, <b>false</b> for enabling it
     * @see #setDelimiterParsingDisabled(boolean)
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public void setAttributeSplittingDisabled(boolean attributeSplittingDisabled) {
        this.attributeSplittingDisabled = attributeSplittingDisabled;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the XML document this configuration was loaded from. The return
     * value is <b>null</b> if this configuration was not loaded from a XML
     * document.
     *
     * @return the XML document this configuration was loaded from
     */
    public Document getDocument() {
        return document;
    }

    /**
     * Removes all properties from this configuration. If this configuration
     * was loaded from a file, the associated DOM document is also cleared.
     */
    public void clear() {
        super.clear();
        document = null;
    }

    /**
     * Initializes this configuration from an XML document.
     *
     * @param document the document to be parsed
     * @param elemRefs a flag whether references to the XML elements should be set
     */
    public void initProperties(Document document, boolean elemRefs) {
        if (document.getDoctype() != null) {
            setPublicID(document.getDoctype().getPublicId());
            setSystemID(document.getDoctype().getSystemId());
        }

        constructHierarchy(getRoot(), document.getDocumentElement(), elemRefs, true);
        getRootNode().setName(document.getDocumentElement().getNodeName());
        if (elemRefs) {
            getRoot().setReference(document.getDocumentElement());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Helper method for building the internal storage hierarchy. The XML
     * elements are transformed into node objects.
     *
     * @param node the actual node
     * @param element the actual XML element
     * @param elemRefs a flag whether references to the XML elements should be set
     * @param trim a flag whether the text content of elements should be trimmed;
     * this controls the whitespace handling
     */
    private void constructHierarchy(Node node, Element element, boolean elemRefs, boolean trim) {
        boolean trimFlag = shouldTrim(element, trim);
        processAttributes(node, element, elemRefs);
        StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
        NodeList list = element.getChildNodes();
        for (int i = 0; i < list.getLength(); i++) {
            org.w3c.dom.Node w3cNode = list.item(i);
            if (w3cNode instanceof Element) {
                Element child = (Element) w3cNode;
                Node childNode = new XMLNode(child.getTagName(), elemRefs ? child : null);
                constructHierarchy(childNode, child, elemRefs, trimFlag);
                node.addChild(childNode);
                handleDelimiters(node, childNode, trimFlag);
            } else if (w3cNode instanceof Text) {
                Text data = (Text) w3cNode;
                buffer.append(data.getData());
            }
        }

        String text = buffer.toString();
        if (trimFlag) {
            text = text.trim();
        }
        if (text.length() > 0 || !node.hasChildren()) {
            node.setValue(text);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Helper method for constructing node objects for the attributes of the
     * given XML element.
     *
     * @param node the actual node
     * @param element the actual XML element
     * @param elemRefs a flag whether references to the XML elements should be set
     */
    private void processAttributes(Node node, Element element, boolean elemRefs) {
        NamedNodeMap attributes = element.getAttributes();
        for (int i = 0; i < attributes.getLength(); ++i) {
            org.w3c.dom.Node w3cNode = attributes.item(i);
            if (w3cNode instanceof Attr) {
                Attr attr = (Attr) w3cNode;
                List values;
                if (isAttributeSplittingDisabled()) {
                    values = Collections.singletonList(attr.getValue());
                } else {
                    values = PropertyConverter.split(attr.getValue(),
                            isDelimiterParsingDisabled() ? ATTR_VALUE_DELIMITER : getListDelimiter());
                }

                for (Iterator it = values.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                    Node child = new XMLNode(attr.getName(), elemRefs ? element : null);
                    child.setValue(it.next());
                    node.addAttribute(child);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deals with elements whose value is a list. In this case multiple child
     * elements must be added.
     *
     * @param parent the parent element
     * @param child the child element
     * @param trim flag whether texts of elements should be trimmed
     */
    private void handleDelimiters(Node parent, Node child, boolean trim) {
        if (child.getValue() != null) {
            List values;
            if (isDelimiterParsingDisabled()) {
                values = new ArrayList();
                values.add(child.getValue().toString());
            } else {
                values = PropertyConverter.split(child.getValue().toString(), getListDelimiter(), trim);
            }

            if (values.size() > 1) {
                Iterator it = values.iterator();
                // Create new node for the original child's first value
                Node c = createNode(child.getName());
                c.setValue(it.next());
                // Copy original attributes to the new node
                for (Iterator itAttrs = child.getAttributes().iterator(); itAttrs.hasNext();) {
                    Node ndAttr = (Node) itAttrs.next();
                    ndAttr.setReference(null);
                    c.addAttribute(ndAttr);
                }
                parent.remove(child);
                parent.addChild(c);

                // add multiple new children
                while (it.hasNext()) {
                    c = new XMLNode(child.getName(), null);
                    c.setValue(it.next());
                    parent.addChild(c);
                }
            } else if (values.size() == 1) {
                // we will have to replace the value because it might
                // contain escaped delimiters
                child.setValue(values.get(0));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Checks whether the content of the current XML element should be trimmed.
     * This method checks whether a <code>xml:space</code> attribute is
     * present and evaluates its value. See <a
     * href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-white-space">
     * http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-white-space</a> for more details.
     *
     * @param element the current XML element
     * @param currentTrim the current trim flag
     * @return a flag whether the content of this element should be trimmed
     */
    private boolean shouldTrim(Element element, boolean currentTrim) {
        Attr attr = element.getAttributeNode(ATTR_SPACE);

        if (attr == null) {
            return currentTrim;
        } else {
            return !VALUE_PRESERVE.equals(attr.getValue());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates the <code>DocumentBuilder</code> to be used for loading files.
     * This implementation checks whether a specific
     * <code>DocumentBuilder</code> has been set. If this is the case, this
     * one is used. Otherwise a default builder is created. Depending on the
     * value of the validating flag this builder will be a validating or a non
     * validating <code>DocumentBuilder</code>.
     *
     * @return the <code>DocumentBuilder</code> for loading configuration
     * files
     * @throws ParserConfigurationException if an error occurs
     * @since 1.2
     */
    protected DocumentBuilder createDocumentBuilder() throws ParserConfigurationException {
        if (getDocumentBuilder() != null) {
            return getDocumentBuilder();
        } else {
            DocumentBuilderFactory factory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
            factory.setValidating(isValidating());
            DocumentBuilder result = factory.newDocumentBuilder();
            result.setEntityResolver(this);

            if (isValidating()) {
                // register an error handler which detects validation errors
                result.setErrorHandler(new DefaultHandler() {
                    public void error(SAXParseException ex) throws SAXException {
                        throw ex;
                    }
                });
            }
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a DOM document from the internal tree of configuration nodes.
     *
     * @return the new document
     * @throws ConfigurationException if an error occurs
     */
    protected Document createDocument() throws ConfigurationException {
        try {
            if (document == null) {
                DocumentBuilder builder = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance().newDocumentBuilder();
                Document newDocument = builder.newDocument();
                Element rootElem = newDocument.createElement(getRootElementName());
                newDocument.appendChild(rootElem);
                document = newDocument;
            }

            XMLBuilderVisitor builder = new XMLBuilderVisitor(document,
                    isDelimiterParsingDisabled() ? (char) 0 : getListDelimiter());
            builder.processDocument(getRoot());
            initRootElementText(document, getRootNode().getValue());
            return document;
        } catch (DOMException domEx) {
            throw new ConfigurationException(domEx);
        } catch (ParserConfigurationException pex) {
            throw new ConfigurationException(pex);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets the text of the root element of a newly created XML Document.
     *
     * @param doc the document
     * @param value the new text to be set
     */
    private void initRootElementText(Document doc, Object value) {
        Element elem = doc.getDocumentElement();
        NodeList children = elem.getChildNodes();

        // Remove all existing text nodes
        for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
            org.w3c.dom.Node nd = children.item(i);
            if (nd.getNodeType() == org.w3c.dom.Node.TEXT_NODE) {
                elem.removeChild(nd);
            }
        }

        if (value != null) {
            // Add a new text node
            elem.appendChild(doc.createTextNode(String.valueOf(value)));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new node object. This implementation returns an instance of the
     * <code>XMLNode</code> class.
     *
     * @param name the node's name
     * @return the new node
     */
    protected Node createNode(String name) {
        return new XMLNode(name, null);
    }

    /**
     * Loads the configuration from the given input stream.
     *
     * @param in the input stream
     * @throws ConfigurationException if an error occurs
     */
    public void load(InputStream in) throws ConfigurationException {
        load(new InputSource(in));
    }

    /**
     * Load the configuration from the given reader.
     * Note that the <code>clear()</code> method is not called, so
     * the properties contained in the loaded file will be added to the
     * actual set of properties.
     *
     * @param in An InputStream.
     *
     * @throws ConfigurationException if an error occurs
     */
    public void load(Reader in) throws ConfigurationException {
        load(new InputSource(in));
    }

    /**
     * Loads a configuration file from the specified input source.
     * @param source the input source
     * @throws ConfigurationException if an error occurs
     */
    private void load(InputSource source) throws ConfigurationException {
        try {
            URL sourceURL = getDelegate().getURL();
            if (sourceURL != null) {
                source.setSystemId(sourceURL.toString());
            }

            DocumentBuilder builder = createDocumentBuilder();
            Document newDocument = builder.parse(source);
            Document oldDocument = document;
            document = null;
            initProperties(newDocument, oldDocument == null);
            document = (oldDocument == null) ? newDocument : oldDocument;
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new ConfigurationException("Unable to load the configuration", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Saves the configuration to the specified writer.
     *
     * @param writer the writer used to save the configuration
     * @throws ConfigurationException if an error occurs
     */
    public void save(Writer writer) throws ConfigurationException {
        try {
            Transformer transformer = createTransformer();
            Source source = new DOMSource(createDocument());
            Result result = new StreamResult(writer);
            transformer.transform(source, result);
        } catch (TransformerException e) {
            throw new ConfigurationException("Unable to save the configuration", e);
        } catch (TransformerFactoryConfigurationError e) {
            throw new ConfigurationException("Unable to save the configuration", e);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Creates and initializes the transformer used for save operations. This
     * base implementation initializes all of the default settings like
     * indention mode and the DOCTYPE. Derived classes may overload this method
     * if they have specific needs.
     *
     * @return the transformer to use for a save operation
     * @throws TransformerException if an error occurs
     * @since 1.3
     */
    protected Transformer createTransformer() throws TransformerException {
        Transformer transformer = TransformerFactory.newInstance().newTransformer();

        transformer.setOutputProperty(OutputKeys.INDENT, "yes");
        if (getEncoding() != null) {
            transformer.setOutputProperty(OutputKeys.ENCODING, getEncoding());
        }
        if (getPublicID() != null) {
            transformer.setOutputProperty(OutputKeys.DOCTYPE_PUBLIC, getPublicID());
        }
        if (getSystemID() != null) {
            transformer.setOutputProperty(OutputKeys.DOCTYPE_SYSTEM, getSystemID());
        }

        return transformer;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a copy of this object. The new configuration object will contain
     * the same properties as the original, but it will lose any connection to a
     * source document (if one exists). This is to avoid race conditions if both
     * the original and the copy are modified and then saved.
     *
     * @return the copy
     */
    public Object clone() {
        XMLConfiguration copy = (XMLConfiguration) super.clone();

        // clear document related properties
        copy.document = null;
        copy.setDelegate(copy.createDelegate());
        // clear all references in the nodes, too
        clearReferences(copy.getRootNode());

        return copy;
    }

    /**
     * Creates the file configuration delegate for this object. This implementation
     * will return an instance of a class derived from <code>FileConfigurationDelegate</code>
     * that deals with some specialities of <code>XMLConfiguration</code>.
     * @return the delegate for this object
     */
    protected FileConfigurationDelegate createDelegate() {
        return new XMLFileConfigurationDelegate();
    }

    /**
     * Adds a collection of nodes directly to this configuration. This
     * implementation ensures that the nodes to be added are of the correct node
     * type (they have to be converted to <code>XMLNode</code> if necessary).
     *
     * @param key the key where the nodes are to be added
     * @param nodes the collection with the new nodes
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public void addNodes(String key, Collection nodes) {
        Collection xmlNodes;

        if (nodes != null && !nodes.isEmpty()) {
            xmlNodes = new ArrayList(nodes.size());
            for (Iterator it = nodes.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                xmlNodes.add(convertToXMLNode((ConfigurationNode) it.next()));
            }
        } else {
            xmlNodes = nodes;
        }

        super.addNodes(key, xmlNodes);
    }

    /**
     * Converts the specified node into a <code>XMLNode</code> if necessary.
     * This is required for nodes that are directly added, e.g. by
     * <code>addNodes()</code>. If the passed in node is already an instance
     * of <code>XMLNode</code>, it is directly returned, and conversion
     * stops. Otherwise a new <code>XMLNode</code> is created, and the
     * children are also converted.
     *
     * @param node the node to be converted
     * @return the converted node
     */
    private XMLNode convertToXMLNode(ConfigurationNode node) {
        if (node instanceof XMLNode) {
            return (XMLNode) node;
        }

        XMLNode nd = (XMLNode) createNode(node.getName());
        nd.setValue(node.getValue());
        nd.setAttribute(node.isAttribute());
        for (Iterator it = node.getChildren().iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
            nd.addChild(convertToXMLNode((ConfigurationNode) it.next()));
        }
        for (Iterator it = node.getAttributes().iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
            nd.addAttribute(convertToXMLNode((ConfigurationNode) it.next()));
        }
        return nd;
    }

    /**
     * <p>
     * Registers the specified DTD URL for the specified public identifier.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * <code>XMLConfiguration</code> contains an internal
     * <code>EntityResolver</code> implementation. This maps
     * <code>PUBLICID</code>'s to URLs (from which the resource will be
     * loaded). A common use case for this method is to register local URLs
     * (possibly computed at runtime by a class loader) for DTDs. This allows
     * the performance advantage of using a local version without having to
     * ensure every <code>SYSTEM</code> URI on every processed XML document is
     * local. This implementation provides only basic functionality. If more
     * sophisticated features are required, using
     * {@link #setDocumentBuilder(DocumentBuilder)} to set a custom
     * <code>DocumentBuilder</code> (which also can be initialized with a
     * custom <code>EntityResolver</code>) is recommended.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note:</strong> This method will have no effect when a custom
     * <code>DocumentBuilder</code> has been set. (Setting a custom
     * <code>DocumentBuilder</code> overrides the internal implementation.)
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * <strong>Note:</strong> This method must be called before the
     * configuration is loaded. So the default constructor of
     * <code>XMLConfiguration</code> should be used, the location of the
     * configuration file set, <code>registerEntityId()</code> called, and
     * finally the <code>load()</code> method can be invoked.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param publicId Public identifier of the DTD to be resolved
     * @param entityURL The URL to use for reading this DTD
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the public ID is undefined
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public void registerEntityId(String publicId, URL entityURL) {
        if (publicId == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Public ID must not be null!");
        }
        getRegisteredEntities().put(publicId, entityURL);
    }

    /**
     * Resolves the requested external entity. This is the default
     * implementation of the <code>EntityResolver</code> interface. It checks
     * the passed in public ID against the registered entity IDs and uses a
     * local URL if possible.
     *
     * @param publicId the public identifier of the entity being referenced
     * @param systemId the system identifier of the entity being referenced
     * @return an input source for the specified entity
     * @throws SAXException if a parsing exception occurs
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public InputSource resolveEntity(String publicId, String systemId) throws SAXException {
        // Has this system identifier been registered?
        URL entityURL = null;
        if (publicId != null) {
            entityURL = (URL) getRegisteredEntities().get(publicId);
        }

        if (entityURL != null) {
            // Obtain an InputSource for this URL. This code is based on the
            // createInputSourceFromURL() method of Commons Digester.
            try {
                URLConnection connection = entityURL.openConnection();
                connection.setUseCaches(false);
                InputStream stream = connection.getInputStream();
                InputSource source = new InputSource(stream);
                source.setSystemId(entityURL.toExternalForm());
                return source;
            } catch (IOException e) {
                throw new SAXException(e);
            }
        } else {
            // default processing behavior
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a map with the entity IDs that have been registered using the
     * <code>registerEntityId()</code> method.
     *
     * @return a map with the registered entity IDs
     */
    Map getRegisteredEntities() {
        return registeredEntities;
    }

    /**
     * A specialized <code>Node</code> class that is connected with an XML
     * element. Changes on a node are also performed on the associated element.
     */
    class XMLNode extends Node {
        /**
         * The serial version UID.
         */
        private static final long serialVersionUID = -4133988932174596562L;

        /**
         * Creates a new instance of <code>XMLNode</code> and initializes it
         * with a name and the corresponding XML element.
         *
         * @param name the node's name
         * @param elem the XML element
         */
        public XMLNode(String name, Element elem) {
            super(name);
            setReference(elem);
        }

        /**
         * Sets the value of this node. If this node is associated with an XML
         * element, this element will be updated, too.
         *
         * @param value the node's new value
         */
        public void setValue(Object value) {
            super.setValue(value);

            if (getReference() != null && document != null) {
                if (isAttribute()) {
                    updateAttribute();
                } else {
                    updateElement(value);
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Updates the associated XML elements when a node is removed.
         */
        protected void removeReference() {
            if (getReference() != null) {
                Element element = (Element) getReference();
                if (isAttribute()) {
                    updateAttribute();
                } else {
                    org.w3c.dom.Node parentElem = element.getParentNode();
                    if (parentElem != null) {
                        parentElem.removeChild(element);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Updates the node's value if it represents an element node.
         *
         * @param value the new value
         */
        private void updateElement(Object value) {
            Text txtNode = findTextNodeForUpdate();
            if (value == null) {
                // remove text
                if (txtNode != null) {
                    ((Element) getReference()).removeChild(txtNode);
                }
            } else {
                if (txtNode == null) {
                    txtNode = document.createTextNode(
                            PropertyConverter.escapeDelimiters(value.toString(), getListDelimiter()));
                    if (((Element) getReference()).getFirstChild() != null) {
                        ((Element) getReference()).insertBefore(txtNode,
                                ((Element) getReference()).getFirstChild());
                    } else {
                        ((Element) getReference()).appendChild(txtNode);
                    }
                } else {
                    txtNode.setNodeValue(PropertyConverter.escapeDelimiters(value.toString(), getListDelimiter()));
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Updates the node's value if it represents an attribute.
         *
         */
        private void updateAttribute() {
            XMLBuilderVisitor.updateAttribute(getParent(), getName(), getListDelimiter());
        }

        /**
         * Returns the only text node of this element for update. This method is
         * called when the element's text changes. Then all text nodes except
         * for the first are removed. A reference to the first is returned or
         * <b>null </b> if there is no text node at all.
         *
         * @return the first and only text node
         */
        private Text findTextNodeForUpdate() {
            Text result = null;
            Element elem = (Element) getReference();
            // Find all Text nodes
            NodeList children = elem.getChildNodes();
            Collection textNodes = new ArrayList();
            for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
                org.w3c.dom.Node nd = children.item(i);
                if (nd instanceof Text) {
                    if (result == null) {
                        result = (Text) nd;
                    } else {
                        textNodes.add(nd);
                    }
                }
            }

            // We don't want CDATAs
            if (result instanceof CDATASection) {
                textNodes.add(result);
                result = null;
            }

            // Remove all but the first Text node
            for (Iterator it = textNodes.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                elem.removeChild((org.w3c.dom.Node) it.next());
            }
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * A concrete <code>BuilderVisitor</code> that can construct XML
     * documents.
     */
    static class XMLBuilderVisitor extends BuilderVisitor {
        /** Stores the document to be constructed. */
        private Document document;

        /** Stores the list delimiter.*/
        private char listDelimiter = AbstractConfiguration.getDefaultListDelimiter();

        /**
         * Creates a new instance of <code>XMLBuilderVisitor</code>
         *
         * @param doc the document to be created
         * @param listDelimiter the delimiter for attribute properties with multiple values
         */
        public XMLBuilderVisitor(Document doc, char listDelimiter) {
            document = doc;
            this.listDelimiter = listDelimiter;
        }

        /**
         * Processes the node hierarchy and adds new nodes to the document.
         *
         * @param rootNode the root node
         */
        public void processDocument(Node rootNode) {
            rootNode.visit(this, null);
        }

        /**
         * Inserts a new node. This implementation ensures that the correct
         * XML element is created and inserted between the given siblings.
         *
         * @param newNode the node to insert
         * @param parent the parent node
         * @param sibling1 the first sibling
         * @param sibling2 the second sibling
         * @return the new node
         */
        protected Object insert(Node newNode, Node parent, Node sibling1, Node sibling2) {
            if (newNode.isAttribute()) {
                updateAttribute(parent, getElement(parent), newNode.getName(), listDelimiter);
                return null;
            }

            else {
                Element elem = document.createElement(newNode.getName());
                if (newNode.getValue() != null) {
                    String txt = newNode.getValue().toString();
                    if (listDelimiter != 0) {
                        txt = PropertyConverter.escapeDelimiters(txt, listDelimiter);
                    }
                    elem.appendChild(document.createTextNode(txt));
                }
                if (sibling2 == null) {
                    getElement(parent).appendChild(elem);
                } else if (sibling1 != null) {
                    getElement(parent).insertBefore(elem, getElement(sibling1).getNextSibling());
                } else {
                    getElement(parent).insertBefore(elem, getElement(parent).getFirstChild());
                }
                return elem;
            }
        }

        /**
         * Helper method for updating the value of the specified node's
         * attribute with the given name.
         *
         * @param node the affected node
         * @param elem the element that is associated with this node
         * @param name the name of the affected attribute
         * @param listDelimiter the delimiter for attributes with multiple values
         */
        private static void updateAttribute(Node node, Element elem, String name, char listDelimiter) {
            if (node != null && elem != null) {
                List attrs = node.getAttributes(name);
                StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();
                char delimiter = (listDelimiter != 0) ? listDelimiter : ATTR_VALUE_DELIMITER;
                for (Iterator it = attrs.iterator(); it.hasNext();) {
                    Node attr = (Node) it.next();
                    if (attr.getValue() != null) {
                        if (buf.length() > 0) {
                            buf.append(delimiter);
                        }
                        buf.append(PropertyConverter.escapeDelimiters(attr.getValue().toString(), delimiter));
                    }
                    attr.setReference(elem);
                }

                if (buf.length() < 1) {
                    elem.removeAttribute(name);
                } else {
                    elem.setAttribute(name, buf.toString());
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * Updates the value of the specified attribute of the given node.
         * Because there can be multiple child nodes representing this attribute
         * the new value is determined by iterating over all those child nodes.
         *
         * @param node the affected node
         * @param name the name of the attribute
         * @param listDelimiter the delimiter for attributes with multiple values
         */
        static void updateAttribute(Node node, String name, char listDelimiter) {
            if (node != null) {
                updateAttribute(node, (Element) node.getReference(), name, listDelimiter);
            }
        }

        /**
         * Helper method for accessing the element of the specified node.
         *
         * @param node the node
         * @return the element of this node
         */
        private Element getElement(Node node) {
            // special treatment for root node of the hierarchy
            return (node.getName() != null && node.getReference() != null) ? (Element) node.getReference()
                    : document.getDocumentElement();
        }
    }

    /**
     * A special implementation of the <code>FileConfiguration</code> interface that is
     * used internally to implement the <code>FileConfiguration</code> methods
     * for <code>XMLConfiguration</code>, too.
     */
    private class XMLFileConfigurationDelegate extends FileConfigurationDelegate {
        public void load(InputStream in) throws ConfigurationException {
            XMLConfiguration.this.load(in);
        }
    }
}