The following table lists the conversion type codes in formatting expressions.
They appear after the % character in substitution targets.
Some of the format codes in the table provide alternative ways to format the same type.
For instance, %e, %f, and %g provide alternative ways to format floating-point numbers.
| Code | Meaning |
|---|---|
| s | String (or any object's str(X) string) |
| r | Same as s, but uses repr, not str |
| c | Character (int or str) |
| d | Decimal (base-10 integer) |
| i | Integer |
| u | Same as d (obsolete: no longer unsigned) |
| o | Octal integer (base 8) |
| x | Hex integer (base 16) |
| X | Same as x, but with uppercase letters |
| e | Floating point with exponent, lowercase |
| E | Same as e, but uses uppercase letters |
| f | Floating-point decimal |
| F | Same as f, but uses uppercase letters |
| g | Floating-point e or f |
| G | Floating-point E or F |
| % | Literal % (coded as %%) |
The general structure of conversion targets looks like this:
%[(keyname)][flags ][width][.precision]type-code The type code characters from the above table show up at the end of this target string's format. Between the % and the type code character, you can do any of the following:
| Item | Description |
|---|---|
| keyname | Provide a key name for indexing the dictionary used on the right side of the expression |
| flags space | flags that specify things like left justification (-), numeric sign (+), a blank before positive numbers and a - for negatives (a space), and zero fills (0) |
| width | a total minimum field width for the substituted text |
| .precision | Set the number of digits (precision) to display after a decimal point for floating-point numbers |
Both the width and precision parts can be coded as a * to specify that they should take their values from the next item in the input values.
%s in the format string will be replaced by the corresponding value's default print string, regardless of its type.